Why Slavery Why Africans an Example by

Why Slavery? Why Africans? How strong was the relationship between race and slavery in colonial North America? The Virginians in the 17th century were no different by other Americans in terms of being labor intensive and productive. But during this period, the Virginians begin to feel the need for more labor as more production of tobacco farms was established to cater to the growing needs of England for tobacco. Since these early Virginians were mostly colonials from England, the crown of England is fully supporting them in their commerce and agriculture. Need essay sample on "Why Slavery? Why Africans?" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Tobacco production in Virginia has become the forefront for Agriculture in North America that creates revenues that supports the crown of England. There is only one problem the Virginians are facing and that is the lack of labor force which is needed to power the production for more tobacco. The number of African slaves who were brought or bought from Africa continues to dwindle and most of them are getting old. They were called Negroes during that time by the colonials from England because of their ebony dark skin and the word has spread out in this part of the world. In the early days of colonialism, the Virginians avoided taking in more Negroes from Africa because they believe that keeping them for a lifetime while keeping their family as well is not logical enough for a man of single family with small farms. But with the addition of more agricultural areas, more lands were tilled and cotton and muscovado sugar were added as the principal crops in Virginia. Thus suddenly the necessity for the Negroes was felt. However, most of the citizens are contemplating of taking in more Negroes because they are afraid they would also revolt once they are more in numbers just like in England. Before the introduction of Negroes in the 1640s, the main crop in Virginia was primarily tobacco and majority of the workers were whites who migrated from England to avoid the civil war conflict. Migrating to Virginia to work as laborers was the only option to survive and so English workers flock to Virginia to work on farms. But with the introduction of cotton and sugar, more laborers were needed while tilling the lands became tougher. White workers who are not used to hard work avoided the strenuous labor. But with the advent of peace in England, white workers arrival in Virginia declined while the former workers decided to own their own lands and some of them migrated back to England. This calls for more Negro workers for the job. In 1660, Virginians started to buy Negroes from the Dutch traders who travel between Africa and Europe. But because of the passing of Navigation Acts which prevented the Dutch to enter the colonies of the whites, buying of slaves was once again stopped. The people of West Indies however continued to buy slaves from Africa through their own voyage and selling of slaves by the West Indies to Virginia carried more Negroes into the state. With the importation of muscovado sugar and tobacco, more Englishmen from England came to Virginia to try the opportunity brought about by agriculture. By 1750, more than 100,000 Negroes were taken in inside Virginia and West Indies but stricter rules in owning Negroes for slaves have been implemented. Rules in punishing slaves enable more slaves to practice their rights but some puritanical North American colonials remained strict with their slaves to the point of killing them if they go against the rules of their masters. The slaves from then on became an integral part of the colonists for without them there would be no commerce, trade and comfortable life for colonists. Thus the relationship between race and slavery in North America was very strong because the Negroes remained to be slaves for many years not because they are capable in sustaining life for their masters but because they were seen as lower in race farther from their masters white race (Morgan). Were English colonists motivated to enslave Africans by prejudice or by profit? As written by English adventurous traders, the Englismen arrived in Africa in the 1550s to make trade with the people. Although the Englishmen were known to be nation of colonizers, there were no motives of colonizing the Africans and converting them to English religions whatsoever. As the trade continued to grow and participated by the Portuguese and the Spanish, it was only in 1631 when the English were forced to settle in Kormantin due to the fact that the Royal African Company, a shipping and trading company was put on hold to sail. This initiates familiarity of the Englishmen with the culture and color of the African natives. Initially these first English settlers treated the West Africans equal as men because they all work together in harmony. Words of mouth travels as English nobles and historian travelers explored the mystery of Africa and its people. Shakespeare and Othello call them in their works as blacks and sometimes Negroes. However during the 17th century, constant traders in Africa began to notice certain distinctions between North Africans and the South Africans. They see Africans of the North to be blacker than the Africans of the south so they branded the South Africans to be moors while the North African to be black moors. Since the English traders have developed a strong trading relationship with the Africans, few Negroes begin to mingle with the Englishmen and agree to be taken to England to work as free slaves. Prior to that, five West Africans were taken to London in 1554 by Englishman trader William Towrson to have them as his slaves. Towrson trained them to learn English so that they could help him with his trade across Africa. From them on, sporadically Negroes were brought to England to work as free slaves or for free labor. Soon the Negroes seem to be novelties for the English nobles because of their uniqueness in color and their adaptability to learn English cultures. Although the Portuguese and the Spanish who for centuries have been in contact with the Africans, they did not recognize them as lower in race. However, the English interests with blacks were partly out of curiosity while others disdain them for being black. As an evidence of the English critical observation with the Africans during that period, even the Oxford English Dictionary described the meaning of black as deeply stained with dirt; dirty, foul and soiled. It signifies dark with deadly purposes or pertaining to death, sinister and disastrous. In other words there came in this period the insignificance of being black as an emotionally partisan in color and the symbol of evil and a sign of repulsion and danger by many English colonists. This kind of mentality was ingrained in the English culture where black connotes filthiness, sin, baseness, ugliness, evil and the devil, while white is being in purity, virginity, virtue, beauty, beneficence and God. Obviously, the English carry in them the culture of the Elizabethan English who is complimented to be the perfect and ideal human beauty because of the color of her skin. Due to the influx of bigger trade and settlement of other Europeans in African countries, the English came to conclusion that the Negroes must be converted to Christianity because they believe that being an atheist is a great fundamental defect and sin to God. However, some of these Englishmen are not strong believers themselves that is why most of them do not feel the necessity to introduce Christianity to the Africans. By being atheists, it was thought that during the latter part of the 17th until the 18th century slavery became engraved to English civilization mainly because it was powered by prejudice generally evoked by the puritanical English religious sects. The Negroes were seen as the unbelievers, the uncultured or even to the point of seeing them to be ape kind. Far from being equal they were defiled as lustful and unclean as animals. They were bought as slaves because of their energetic and unusual resilience to work. The Englishmens objectives of re-creating them to be civilized and turn them into Christians have never happened but the English traders succeeded in passing them as part of their commodities. Negroes are bought from other Negroes, traders and so on. At last the Englishmen find reasons to capitalize on the Negroes unique culture, uncultivated characteristics and physical appearance which for them are inferior qualities that are suited only to be slaves. And so the question if what motivates the Englishmen to enslave Negroes according to this commentary, it shows that they were enslave primarily because of prejudice and then by profit because they became good commodities for the ambitious and racial English colonists (Jordan). Works Cited: Jordan, Winthrop D. White or Black: American Attitudes Towards the Negro, 1550-1812. Morgan, Edmund S. American Slavery, American Freedom. W.W. Norton & Company, Inc., 1975.

Rhetorical Precis Example

Rhetorical Precis Example Rhetorical Precis – Coursework Example Rhetorical Prà ©cis In his 1996 essay on â€Å"attitude† Sheridan Baker, a scholar, a and critical thinker asserts thatwriter‘s attitude toward their target group and the writers themselves determines the quality of the prose produced. He support this argument by giving examples of bad attitude can make writing boring. He farther states that a good writer should have respect towards his audience and the readers. His main purpose is to make his reader aware of consequences of negative attitude in order to make them become good writers. His main audience was college students who were interested in writing in the future (Woodworth 7).Charles Peirce’s article, â€Å"The Fixation of Belief† (1877), argued that humans have psychological and social mechanism to protect and strengthen our beliefs. Peirce backs up this claim by a thorough description of the four methods of fixing belief highlighting the advantages and weaknesses of each. His main purpose is to poin t the ways people can establish their beliefs in order to get awareness of the reader considering how the beliefs may be the product of the methods. He is writing to the educated audience with the knowledge of philosophy and histories this depends on the language used (Hendricks 28).Toni Morrison, in her essay â€Å"Disturbing Nurses and the kindness of Shark† implies that ethnic and racism in the United States influences crafting American novelists. He supports this implication by describing how other writers like Ernest Hemingway write about black characters. his purpose is to make her reader feel the sense of cruel reality of racism underlying American to enable them examine effects of racism not only affect those discriminates but also those that discriminate (Michael 1). The targets the audience of racial mixed and critical reader of literature using a very high analytical tone In the year 1997 Larisa Macfarqhuhar in her article â€Å"who care if Johnny can’t rea d† asserts that American are reading more than ever despite the aims o the contrary . She supports this claim about American reading habit with facts that compare the past and the present reading practices (Lanzbom 1). She challenges common assumption by raising questions about reading intrinsic values. Her purpose is to dispel some myths about reading in order to raise new and more important questions about the value reading and other media culture. She targets young audience with sarcastic tone. Hendricks, Vincent. Thought 2 Talk: A Crash Course in Reflection and Expression, New York: Automatic Press, 2005. Print. Lanzbom, Leon. "On English and Writing: Critical Thinking". Word Rogues. Retrieved 6 April 2012. Michael, S. "Writing the Precise". Texas.net. English 1302 - Palo Alto College. Retrieved 6 April 2012. Woodworth, Margaret. "The Rhetorical Prà ©cis." Rhetoric Review 7 (2007): 156-164.

Project Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Project Paper - Essay Example The next part will highlight the discussion that happened between Mary Wollstonecraft and Catherine the Great during the former’s visit to Russia. Through their dialogue, we intend to learn, firstly, about their individual profiles; secondly, their opinions on the role of women in their societies; and lastly, their insightful views on the ideal role of women in society. Catherine the Great: Good day! Have a seat. I have summoned you here to have an interesting talk about your recently released treatise entitled â€Å"A Vindication of the Rights of the Woman†. But to formally introduce myself to you, I am Catherine the Great, Queen of Russia. Just like you, I consider myself to be ‘enlightened’ given my firm educational background which I was able to receive through hard work and strong determination (Smitha, 2000). I have been married to Emperor Peter III, who, sadly, has died in an accident. Recognizing the need of our people, I decided to ascend the throne and became their Queen. As their leader, my vision has always been to widen the influence of Orthodox Christianity all over Europe. This is why my kingdom invests heavily on strengthening our military. Aside from this, I also believe that societal order could only be attained through absolute monarchy. Thus, I intend to serve my people as long as I live. But enough about me. Please tell me more about you and your work. Mary Wollstonecraft: Firstly, Your Majesty, I would like to express my sincere thanks for requesting me to personally visit you here in Russia. But just to give you a short background about me, I consider myself to be a scholar. I could say that reading and writing have always fascinated me. For one, I enjoy reading the Bible and analyzing its primary teachings. Aside from this, I have also been a reader of the works of Shakespeare and Milton. Although it has been hard for me to obtain a formal educational training, I still

Reserach proposal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Reserach proposal - Essay Example The postmodern media revolution could only aggravate the situation further with, especially since 9/11 disaster, misrepresentations and distorted images of Islam and Muslims gaining unprecedented and higher visibilities in the Western public spheres. However, despite the seeming ruptures this process of representation and misrepresentation has a definite historical and political backdrop embedded within huge cultural politics spanned across the centuries, ever since negotiations of different sorts had commenced between the Christian and Muslim cultures. This project attempts to study about western perceptions of Islam especially since the middle ages to the contemporary times and the surrounding cultural politics, both international and domestic. The specific objectives of the study are: 1. To deconstruct the meaning and understanding of Islam and Muslim culture at large as they are predominantly represented within the western culture – since the medieval to modern times. 2. T o throw light upon the historical and political backdrop and the cultural elements invariably involved in the production of knowledge about Islam and its culture in the west. 3. ... The attempt is precisely oriented towards exposing the hidden cultural politics behind stereotyping a whole culture and on what basis such stereotypes get reception and get reproduced over different periods of time. Contextualising the project and review of literature As I mentioned earlier the proposed project shall focus on the image of Islam in the West from the medieval ages to the present. The study is immensely significant since the â€Å"West must deal with Islam as a growing social, political and religious reality† (Quinn, 2008: 17). A significant development in the recent global politics, especially in the aftermath of the 9/11 incidents and the recent war on Iraq and the related events, is the emergence of a fungible notion of Islam and terrorism. Issues pertaining to Islam are already finding their place in the cutting edge of political, military and economic interests of the West. The terrain is much complicated, and still adds onto it, with the fact that a great d eal of ignorance about Islam and its culture in general is further manipulated by those in the political forefronts in the West to build upon a historically and culturally constructed notion of hostility and incongruity between Islam and Christian cultures. The images, representations, and perceptions of Islam are â€Å"abound in the academic and popular press† throughout the twentieth-century world (Mirza, 2007: 2). Perhaps with the intellectual and technological changes, together with the recent historical events in the contemporary Muslim world, greater attention to certain institution or faith such as Islam has become widely possible (Esposito, 1999: ix). Bassiri (2010) has traced this synonymous usage between Islam and terrorism back to the age of Reagan

Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 91

Assignment Example In the opinion of court â€Å"pain and suffering† and â€Å"mental suffering† are core elements of damage. In that regard, they lead to personal injury as well as malicious prosecution cases. Therefore, failure of the insurer to owner the insurance contract caused the plaintiff to suffer emotionally due to the that she was in dare need money to support her family, thus inviting the â€Å"compromise† of her claim. The issue is whether the plaintiff who is the beneficiary of the estate. That is insurance policy cover of her deceased husband suffered any loss after as a result of denial compensation by the insurer on her bide thereof. The court also adopted objective standard to measure the severe emotional distress suffered by plaintiff due to the variation of mental consequences suffered by individuals in justification of their decision. This case is governed by Illinois law as abases in determining the matter at hand in recover the damages suffered by plaintiff due to a sever distress. There are also some cases of this similar which have been handle by the supreme court of Illinois, it now become prudent to make such presumption based on references thereto. The information in paragraph 8 has been organized in way that produce a clear picture in elaborating the issue and facts that would substantiate the matter alleged. The connector; â€Å"as to the reason that† has been used to transition from one element of other parts of the paragraph to another. The California court case of Siliznoff, Crisci, and Fletcher, are very precedence in determining the alleged act of insurer in law of tort. In these cases the judgment was affirmed by the supreme court of California where a damage of $25,000 was paid in compensation of mental suffering caused by insurance company in their refusal to owner the settlement within the limit of the liability policy. The objective of procuring the insurance

Effects of Improving Workplace Health

Effects of Improving Workplace Health Title: Working for a healthier workplace is a slogan used by the British Occupational Hygiene Society in the UK to promote the profession of occupational hygiene. Discuss how the provision of a healthier workplace can result in a reduction of work related illness and sickness absence. Examine the role of the occupational hygienist in improving workplace health, either as part of a health and safety team in a large organisation or as a consultant employed by a smaller company. Introduction: According to the British Occupational Hygiene Society, ‘Occupational hygiene is about recognizing, evaluating and controlling health hazards arising from work’ (BOHS, 2005). Many occupations require their workers to be exposed to hazardous conditions and evaluating and preventing these dangers of work is the sole aim of all occupational safety associations, committees and councils. In this essay we discuss health, hygiene and safety procedures in different industries and enterprises. For example, in the hospitality and food sectors, the National Food Safety guidelines have to be followed and basic food safety practices have to be maintained (Howard, 2004). Within all areas and sectors, the major competencies and performance criteria point to two areas of workplace rules: Maintaining hygiene procedures – following workplace hygiene procedures in accordance with enterprise standards, legal requirements Storing and handling items according to enterprise requirements and legal obligations. Identifying and preventing hygiene related risks Identifying potential hygiene risks in the job Taking steps to minimize or eliminate the risks associated with lapse of hygienic procedures within the limits of individual responsibility and in accordance with enterprise regulations and legal requirements. Reporting hygiene risks and procedural dangers as identified to the appropriate authority such as the occupational hygiene consultant. Identifying risks, maintaining hygiene procedures, preventing and controlling risks and reporting hygiene related dangers are the major hygiene related regulations that should be followed within any industry. We will discuss specific hygiene related risks and hygiene procedures within different industries and sectors. In the course of our discussion, we will examine: 1. The type and extent of workplace health problems in the UK and other countries; 2. Provide an overview of technical and organisational control measures; 3. The benefits and limitations of exposure monitoring; 4. The benefits and limitations of health surveillance programmes; and 5. The role of the occupational hygienist in developing healthy workplace strategies. Occupational Hygiene – Issues and Procedures According to the International Occupational Hygiene Association, Occupational Hygiene is defined as ‘the discipline of anticipating, recognising, evaluating and controlling health hazards in the working environment with the objective of protecting worker health and well-being and safeguarding the community at large.’ Occupational hygiene involves the proper identification of hazardous and harmful elements or agents used within a work environment which can be of physical, chemical or biological nature and can cause serious diseases, discomfort or even death due to exposure to these dangerous elements; evaluating the risks involved due to exposure to these hazardous agents; and control of hygiene related risks to prevent disease, death or ill health in the long term (Liberman and Gordon, 1989). The phrase is used synonymously with industrial hygiene and a company usually requires the consultation of a trained industrial or occupational hygienist to maintain the legal and procedural requirements of hygiene in the workplace. The Workplace Hygiene Charter managed by the Occupational Safety and Health Council provides the framework for occupational health and safety standards that have to be followed by all industrial sectors. The Charter provides the following criteria for employers and employees to meet workplace hygiene standards: Workplace Cleanliness in terms of clean environment and regular cleaning and dusting facilities Free of Accumulated Water – any water accumulated due to rain or other reasons should be removed to prevent insect breeding or other conditions detrimental to health Refuse Collection – the garbage should be collected regularly to maintain a clean environment in the workplace Drinking Facilities- drinking water should not be contaminated and should be clean and free of germs Pantry – food available within office precincts as in canteen should be prepared in a hygienic manner and high quality foodstuff should be used Pest Control – any presence of pests, insects or germs should be noted and removed with the help of professional pest control agencies, if required Ventilation – proper clean air and air circulation recommended Sanitary Conveniences – clean toilets and quick disposal of sanitary wastes are necessary Workplace Hygiene Information – this sort of information should be shared among professionals to increase awareness Maintenance and Monitoring – proper maintenance of workplace equipments and facilities and regular monitoring or checking of these facilities have also been recommended by the Charter. According to a Government White paper published by the Department of Health, ‘Twomillionpeoplesufferanillnesstheybelieve hasbeencausedby, ormadeworseby, theirwork. The paper produced as a report by the Department of Health suggests that although beinginwork, rather than being unemployed generallyleadsto betterhealth, notallworkplacescan be considered as healthy.There is considerable evidence and many research studies to show that lack of job control, monotonous and repetitive work, and imbalance in efforts and reward are all associated with health problems, chronic disease and coronary heart disease. The importance of job satisfaction has been highlighted as primary in promoting occupational health. Thus although work is generally considered good for people’s health, poor health and safety management and lack of a pleasant work environment increases risks of occupational hazards, diseases and injury. The DH government report further asserts that stress related conditions and musculoskeletal disorders are now the commonest causes of work related sick leave. Any focus on stress however can be counterproductive as it can lead to failure to tackle underlying causes of problems in the workplace. The problems and complex issues at the workplace can cause stress and affect people’s wellbeing leading to physical and mental ill health. Official Industry guides to general safety and hygiene practices show different hygiene procedures recommended for different industries. In a survey of hygiene knowledge among 1000 catering workers carried out by the Food Standards Agency in 2002, suggest that: More than a third of staff (39%) neglect to wash their hands after visits to the lavatory whilst at work. Half of all those interviewed (53%) did not appear to wash their hands before preparing food. Less than two thirds (59%) of the catering workers questioned had a certificate in basic food hygiene. Only 32% believed good food hygiene practices were important to their business compared with 64% who saw good food as the key to keeping their customers. (Source: Catering Workers Hygiene Survey, 2002) Within the workplace in case of food and hospitality industries safe and hygienic handling of food and beverage, regular hand washing, proper method of storing food to prevent contamination, using appropriate and clean clothing, avoiding contamination from food or to food stuffs, appropriate and careful handling of garbage, safe disposal of garbage, linen and maintaining standard sanitising procedures and personal hygiene are essential (Smith et al, 2005). The specific hygiene related risks in a food or hospitality industry can be bacterial contamination due to poor handling and storage, storage at wrong temperatures, uncovered or exposed foodstuffs, poor personal hygiene practice in the workers, poor cleaning and housekeeping processes and no protection against dust, insects or contaminated wastes. Poorly disposed garbage or inappropriate handling of waste or contaminated materials can lead to potential hygiene hazards. Apart from regular monitoring, control measures to improve hygienic practices in all industry sectors include: Providing training and knowledge to staff on hygiene related issues and auditing staff skills, ensuring that policies, regulations and procedures both of the enterprise and legal systems are followed strictly by staff members, maintaining audits of incidents, related to occupational hazards and hygiene and following up on progress of affected workers suffering ill health or disease due to occupational risks encountered (Taylor, 2004). However even if monitoring and regular checks to prevent occupational hazards have their own advantages, there are limitations to which this can be attained as there may be practical problems associated with maintaining safety procedures at the workplace. An example is given by the British Occupational Hygiene Society and the organisation’s website shows a problem too common in tropical agriculture and work in this area. The picture shows a man spraying pesticides on rice, but not wearing adequate protection (because of the heat and humidity), and many pesticides can be absorbed through the skin as well as by inhalation and affect safety of the workers. This is a very good example of the risks involved in certain occupations that necessitate direct encounter with harmful chemicals because of the nature of the job. Yet, as seen from this example, despite knowledge of the hazards and the safety procedures involved, the conditions may not be conducive to use all the safety measur es and thus the hazards continue to remain in many cases. One of the ways of monitoring and checking for occupational hazards and work related illness is by health surveillance measures taken by employers (Murphy et al, 2002). According to the Health and Safety executive (HSE), health surveillance is about closely monitoring for early signs of work-related ill health in employees who are exposed to certain health risks. This involves using certain procedures that include: Ã ¢ simple methods such as looking for skin damage on hands from using certain harmful chemicals; Ã ¢ technical checks on employees, such as hearing tests; Ã ¢ detailed medical examinations to diagnose deep rooted or chronic illnesses.(HSE, 2005) Health surveillance is more than general health checks and can be done by the employees themselves or by occupational hygienists. In general health surveillance is especially recommended for prolonged exposure to loud noise or hand-arm vibration as in automobile or electronics industries; exposure to solvents, fumes, dust, biological agents and substances harmful to health as in chemical or agricultural industries; exposure to asbestos, lead or work in compressed air as in mechanical or electrical jobs and exposure to ionising radiations and diving as in marine or nuclear industries. Considering all the aspects of identifying, controlling and managing and reporting risks and health hazards in occupations, the role of the occupational hygienist takes centre stage. The British Occupational Hygiene Society has promoted a slogan for a safer and healthier workplace. As we have seen from Department of Health publications and Workplace Hygiene Charter maintaining hygienic, safe and healthy conditions at the workplace is a basic requirement and the hazard preventive techniques have also been highlighted. The primary role of the occupational and industrial hygienist in promoting awareness about hygiene and safety related issues and in monitoring safety procedures and facilities as well as identifying the risks of conditions seem to focus on the growing importance of a management process in promoting safety of workers. Schulte et al. (2004) discuss the implications of knowledge management in creation, assessment, transfer and utilization of knowledge to address specific challenges. Knowledge management has been considered as a manageable asset and the authors suggest that occupational hygiene knowledge itself being specialised also represents a manageable asset in companies and occupational hygiene should be appraised in terms of knowledge management. Considering this, the role of the occupational hygienist or consultant who is primarily responsible for promoting or spreading this awareness and transfers knowledge as an asset to the employees at large, is extremely important. The hygienist manages, controls, distributes and utilizes knowledge for risk assessment, evaluation and control of the situation. However things may just be improving as there is increased awareness on safety and hygiene issues at the workplace. Williams et al (2005) describe the changes in awareness in occupational hazards and risks of exposure. They found that workers who were directly involved in manufacturing operations in a chemical manufacturing facility in the US from 1976 to 1987 had likely TWA or time weighted average exposures to benzene of about 2ppm from 1976-1981 and 1ppm from 1982-1987. Their results seem to be consistent with improved industrial hygiene programs at chemical facilities and better awareness about this issue following adoption of stricter occupational exposure limits. Conclusion: In this study we discussed the administrative, managerial and legislative procedures related to health and safety issues at the workplace. In this context we discussed regulations related to hygiene within the different sectors and the corresponding risks in different industries. The regulations for a healthier and safer workplace as put forward by the Department of Health and the slogan for a healthier and improved workplace by the British Occupational Hygiene Society are examined in the context of changing regulations, increased awareness and a more responsible role of the occupational hygienist. The practical problems of following control and preventative measures of risks have been shown and the role of the occupational hygienist has been emphasised in promoting awareness and a healthier safer workplace. Bibliography: Ashford, Nicholas Askounes.1976 Occupational Safety and Health Act 1970 Crisis in the workplace :occupational disease and injury : a report to the Ford Foundation /Nicholas Askounes Ashford. Cambridge, Mass. ;London :M.I.T. Press,1976. Atthayuwat, Khemawat; Kleiner, Brian H , 2005 New developments in industry hygiene Management Research News, Volume 28, Numbers 2-3, February 2005, pp. 63-73(11) Emerald Group Publishing Limited Bryan Ballantyne, 2004 Glaucopsia: An Occupational Ophthalmic Hazard Toxicological Reviews, Volume 23,Number 2, 2004, pp. 83-90(8) Adis International Howard M.T. 2004 Food hygiene regulation and enforcement policy in the UK: the underlying philosophy and comparisons with occupational health and safety law Food Service Technology, Volume 4,Number 2, June 2004, pp. 69-73(5) Blackwell Publishing Liberman, D.F and Gordon, J.G, 1989 Biohazards management handbook /edited by Daniel F. Liberman, Judith G. Gordon. New York, N.Y. :Dekker. GREGORY MILLER; HYUNGJIN MYRA KIM; JAMES H. VINCENT , 2004 An Exploratory Study of Changing Occupational Injury Risk during the Closure of Industrial Operations Annals of Occupational Hygiene, Volume 48,Number 7, October 2004, pp. 623-633(11) Oxford University Press Murphy E.; Harrison J.; Beach J. , 2002 Implementation of statutory occupational respiratory health surveillance Occupational Medicine, Volume 52,Number 8, December 2002, pp. 497-502(6) Oxford University Press D. Proctor; J. Panko; E. Liebig; D. Paustenbach, 2004 Estimating Historical Occupational Exposure to Airborne Hexavalent Chromium in a Chromate Production Plant: 1940–1972 Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, Volume 1,Number 11, November 2004, pp. 752-767(16) Taylor and Francis Ltd Ridley, J.; Channing, J. (eds). 1999 Occupational Health and Hygiene Safety at Work Series, Volume 3 Elsevier Publications Smith, T. A.; Kanas, R. P.; McCoubrey, I. A.; Belton, M. E. 2005 Code of practice for food handler activities Occupational Medicine, Volume 55,Number 5, August 2005, pp. 369-370(2) Oxford University Press P. A. SCHULTE; T. J. LENTZ; V. P. ANDERSON; A. D. LAMBORG, 2004 Knowledge Management in Occupational Hygiene: The United States Example Annals of Occupational Hygiene, Volume 48,Number 7, October 2004, pp. 583-594(12) Oxford University Press Taylor, Geoffrey A. 2004 Enhancing occupational safety and health /Geoffrey A. Taylor, Kellie Easter and Roy Hegney. Oxford :Butterworth-Heinemann,2004. Characterizing Historical Industrial Hygiene Data: A Case Study Involving Benzene Exposures at a Chemical Manufacturing Facility (1976–1987) Williams, Pamela; Paustenbach, Dennis Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, Volume 2,Number 7, July 2005, pp. 341-350(10) Taylor and Francis Ltd Websites: British Occupational Hygiene Society http://www.bohs.org/ Health and Safety Executive http://www.hse.gov.uk/pubns/ DH publication – Choosing Health White Paper, 2005 http://www.dh.gov.uk/PublicationsAndStatistics/Publications/PublicationsPolicyAndGuidance/PublicationsPolicyAndGuidanceArticle/fs/en?CONTENT_ID=4094550chk=aN5Cor Catering Workers Hygiene Survey, 2002 Food Standards Agency www.food.gov.uk Workplace Hygiene Charter – Occupational Safety and Health Council http://www.oshc.org.hk/ International Occupational Hygiene Association www.ioha.com

The Character of Dounia in Dostoevskys Crime and Punishment :: Dostoevsky Crime and Punishment

The Character of Dounia Crime and Punishment  Ã‚     Dounia's commitment to her brother is unfaltering. Even when she is presented with the ultimatum of Luzhin, she continues to endure in her dedication and loyalty to her irritable and rascally brother. She realizes that making sure Raskolnikov is there will probably secure her fate in that she will not marry Luzhin. She refuses to do so though if he does not accept his brother. Dounia's commitment and loyalty can be seen in her calm nature about the letter, her loyal response to it, and her actions when she goes to visit her brother--she regards his gestures and words with guarded skepticism, but realizes that he is at least "unfeigned" when grasping her hand. When Pulcheria shows Dounia the letter she doesn't let her emotions go awry, but she reads the letter like a military sergeant on the battle field, simply carrying out the next order in an entire chain. She decides that she must talk to Raskolnikov before answering Luzhin or making her decision. She stands calm and collected in face of the massive divide and rift that has now been created in her life--she has been presented with a dilemma, she is going to be forced to choose between the one she loves and the one she feels "esteems her". In the small garret of Raskolnikov, Pulcheria and Advotya go to see and confer with the now "well" Rodya. Dounia's main purpose is to give Raskolnikov the option of whether he would like to come to their house when Luzhin is there. When her brother responds that it is essentially the women's choice, Dounia is firm in her commitment that he must be there. She wishes to convince him that she is not doing it purely for his sake--but rather for her own. Raskolnikov's chastising of her is ironic because she is only doing less blatant forms of actions he has already committed. Dounia, even after admitting that her marriage to Luzhin will help her very much, still loyally insists that Raskolnikov must be present for th e meeting. She is willing to risk what she has professed is simply for her own sake. Her physical actions when she goes to visit her brother are an amalgam of compassion and skepticism. She is intelligent enough to realize that the things Raskolnikov is saying seem feigned, as if he had a script written for him.