Universal Diagnostic Criteria for Oral Lichen Planus

Universal Diagnostic Criteria for viva Lichen PlanusABSTRACTFor years, dissentions and debates on the cancerous variation of oral exam lichen planus (OLP) have been sparked not only by a lack of an accu reckon diagnostic criteria but also due to the failure on our affair in not following single universal one. In this short communication, we try to reiterate its importance, with a goal of making the clinicians and pathologists aware of its serious implications.KeywordsOral lichen planus, oral lichenoid lesion, dysplasiaBACKGROUNDThe lack of a universal diagnostic criteria for the diagnosis of oral lichen planus (OLP) can be made accountable for the current scepticism and contr e genuinelywheresies over its cancerous transformation. Van der meij et al have stressed for a need of a diagnostic criteria to be univers everyy adopted for its firm diagnosis.1,2 A clinical and a histopathological definition of OLP was formulated by the WHO in 19783 (Table 1). Later, in 2003, van der Mei j and van der Waal4, proposed a modification in the WHO criteria (Table 2), stating OLP diagnosis should be clinico-pathological. Results of Rad M et als4 study in 2009 showed higher clinicopathologic correlation in the diagnosis of OLP based on the circumscribed criteria of OLP (van der Meij 2003) compared with the 1978 criteria. Studies in the past, and present have substantiated the malignant effectiveness difference of OLP.6-9 So, now that we have evidence for its malignant transformation and a suitable criteria in hand, what could be the problem?1978 WHO CRITERIA VS MODIFIED 2003 CRITERIAThere have been studies related to the malignant personality of OLP since 1924 by Williger et al. to a recent meta-analysis by Fitzpatrick SG et al8 in 2014. It has to be noted, that, over the years, the diagnostic criteria of OLP has undergone a number of significant changes. A criteria was agreed by WHO in 19783 and again modified in 2003 by van der Meij and van der Waal4. There are patho logists who still favour the 1978 criteria and others who follow the 2003 modified criteria. This difference in opinion among pathologists has a very significant bearing on the data collected in literature. What would have been an OLP to one pathologist following a grouchy criteria could seem to be an oral lichenoid lesion(OLL) to another following a distinguishable criteria. permit us consider the following hypothetical examplesHypothetical scenario 1Let us consider an OLP lesion clinically manifesting with white radiating striae unilaterally in the buccal mucosa. If the oral medicine and pathology specialists agree to follow the 2003 modified criteria(clinico-pathologic), then, this lesion being clinically harmonious(unilateral), will have to be diagnosed as OLL, though it could be histologically typical of OLP. However, the diagnosis would be OLP according to the 1978 criteria. One should make note of the lines quoted by van der Meij and van der Waal4(2003), in their paper w hich says We do realise that application of these criteria will exclude a number of patients who actually may have the ailment but do not meet the strict criteria.This line has considerable relevance if we consider the above example.Also, if this in turn progresses to carcinoma, a false file of malignant transformation of OLL is generated,when in reality the lesion could perchance have been a true OLP. This example quoted, cannot be rejected on the grounds of being hypothetical, as there is every possibility of OLP manifesting unilaterally though it often manifests bilaterally.ABSENCE OF DYSPLASIA AN EXCLUSION CRITERIA FOR OLP IS THIS JUSTIFIED?The heated debate of OLP and dysplasia started with Krutchkoff and Eisenbergs10 paper in 1985, Lichenoid dysplasia A obvious histopathologic entity. While they could have been right about epithelial dysplasia with lichenoid features being misdiagnosed as OLP, the possibility of OLP showing dysplasia cannot be ruled out. The present 2003 modified criteria of OLP have dysplasia as an animadversion criteria. Van der Meij and van der Waal3 in their paper, in 2003, state that To avoid confusion over the terminology- Lichenoid Dysplasia we propose to regard the strawman of epithelial dysplasia as an exclusion criterion for the histopathological diagnosis of OLP. This is not convincing enough to make absence of dysplasia as a criterion because, there is accumulating evidence of OLPs malignant potential and it is rather logical to assume that it could manifest dyplastic features. In fact, exclusion of all lesions that resemble OLPs but exhibit epithelial dysplasia may lead to an underestimation of the rate of malignant transformation.11 This fact was restated by Mignona et al12 in 2007, where they reported severe epithelial dyaplasia and carcinoma in situ in their series of OLP. Rejecting a diagnosis of OLP solely due to the presence of dysplasia, therefore requires favor.LICHENOID DYSPLASIAKrutchkoff and Eisenbergs con clusion of epithelial dysplasias manifesting with lichenoid features were substantiated in the recent papers published by Patil et al13 and Fitzpatrick et al14. Moreover, Patil et al13 observed features of dysplasia in OLP and OLL in their case series, further reiterating the malignant potential of these entities. These papers enlighten us about the co-existence of lichenoid features in OLP,OLL and epithelial dysplasia, further stamping the necessity for an accurate and universal diagnostic criteria for the distinction of these lesions. Also, the lesion, lichenoid dysplasia deserves some consideration and requires further appraisal by a panel of experts.Hypothetical scenario 2Assuming there is a case of OLP manifesting bilaterally (clinically typical) and the histopathology, though being very typical, reveals dysplasia, what then, should it be diagnosed as? According to 2003 modified criteria, it should be branded as an OLL, since it is histologically compatible (shows dysplasia). B ut is this diagnosis justified? Pathologists would also consider other different diagnoses like OLP with dysplasia, lichenoid dysplasia or simply, epithelial dysplasia.Hypothetical scenario 3If a patient with a history of OLP, consults another pathologist, unaware of the fact that it has become dysplastic, he/she would again be diagnosed with OLL if the 2003 diagnostic criteria are followed.SIGNIFICANCE OF DIAGNOSING ORAL LICHENOID LESIONSvan der Meij et al4 proposed the designation OLL for cases that are clinically typical and histologically compatible, clinically compatible and histologically typical, or clinically and histologically compatible with OLP. As already stated and explained in the first hypothetical scenario, not all patients with OLP manifest with the immaculate bilateral white striae. In such situations, clinicians and pathologists must exercise prudence in blindly branding the lesion as OLL by strict adherence to the 2003 modified criteria. Whether the lesion to be diagnosed represents an OLP like disease can be suspected by other clinical manifestations likemanifestation in cancer-prone areas (floor of the mouth, lateral border and ventral surface of the tongue, retromolar trigone and soft palateuvula complex), lesions accompanied or preceded by skin manifestations suggestive of other diseases like lupus erythematosus, lesions that have a plaque-type keratosis or a verruco-papillary nature and lesions that may have a possible etiology like restorations(silver amalgam) or drugs.10 Differentiating between OLP and OLL is very significant as both the lesions are potentially malignant. It becomes all the more pertinent as two prospective studies by van der Meij et al15,16 one in 2003 and one in 2007 showed that only OLLs in their many cases saturnine malignant.DIAGNOSIS OF CANDIDIASIS IN OLP PATIENTSCulture studies have demonstrated Candida infection in 37% to 50% of OLP cases.17 There appears to be no differences in the relative frequency of Candida infection between ulcerated OLP and non-ulcerated OLP.18Candida albicans produces nitrosamine which is harmful carcinogen. Thus, OLP and candidiasis together provide a fertile background for malignant transformation of oral epithelium. Moreover, candida albicans isolated from potentially malignant oral disorders are able to produce mutagenic amounts of carcinogenic acetaldehyde when exposed to substrates such as wine and ethanol.19Thus, one cannot disregard oral candidiasis from OLP. Both the lesions together can act synergistically and/or additively in progression to oral squamous cell carcinoma. Hence, we believe that this association needs serious considerartion in the revision of diagnostic criteria of OLP.WHAT IF BOTH THE CRITERIA ARE FOLLOWED IN DIFFERENT PARTS OF THE GLOBE?This could possibly be the situation today as there is no universal consensus on any specific criteria to be followed. This would be a serious issue, as there would be a gross under or overestimatio n in the diagnosis of OLP or OLL, inadvertently leading to false data regarding its malignant potential. Studies done on the current topic by different institutions using different diagnostic criteria would generate contrasting data in literature precipitating confusion and controversies.UNIVERSAL DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA THE NEED OF THE HOURSo, how then, do we undo the debates surrounding the current issue? The answer lies in not only formulating more accurate diagnostic criteria but also in universally following them. Of course, further molecular or immunological studies on OLP would throw further light. We, in this commentary have tried to explain the possible demerits and confusions that could possibly arise if the current criteria are used and not universally followed. The 1978 WHO criteria may need more accuracy while the 2003 modified criteria could be rigid and strict. fashioning an accurate criteria taking into consideration, the above mentioned points, would go a long way in eliminating the confusion and disputes surrounding OLP.